More about cartilaginous fish

Explain how cartilaginous and bony fish regulate the salt found in water?
      Bony fish drink alot of seawater for hydration. Sharks reabsurb the area by the break down of protein back into their tissue.


What are some key differences in life's history between cartilaginous and bony fish?
       Sharks have a life strategy that requires slow growth to a relatively large size, while fish demonstrate rapid growth and reach maturity younger.


Describe how sharks reproduce.
         Their reproduction is internal. They have pelvic claspers that serve as the sperm conducting structure for internal fertilization.

Cartilaginous Fish

What makes cartilaginous fish different from others?
      Skeletons are made from cartilage

Examples of cartilaginous fish?
       Sharks, Rays, Chimeras

What is special about sharks eyes?
        They can protect their eye with a tough third eye lid

Difference between cartilaginous and bony fish?
a)Blood and heart
         Sharks have larger and fewer blood cells
b)External features
         Shark skin is covered by dermal deaticles
          Bony fish is covered by flat scales
c)Digestive evacuation
          Sharks kidneys and genitals empty into one opening
          Bony fish have two, rectum and anus

Marine Arthropods

Example of marine arthropods?
    Crustacea, pycnogonida, merostomata

Difference between arthropod and human skeleton?
     Arthropods skeletons are on the outside and is used as armor

Compare/contrast how arthropods and humans carry their blood?
     Arthropods have no arteries or veins to carry blood while humans do. Arthropods blood is pumped through sinuses.

How do arthropods eyes differ from yours?
      They have compound eyes, it is composed of small light sensitive organs called ommatidia.

How do humans use marine arthropods?
       As a food source.

Nine Major Animal Phyla

List Nine major animal phyla

• Sponges
• Coelenterates
• Flat worms
• Roundworms
• Segmented Worms
• Arthropods
• Mollusks
• Echinoderms
• Chordates

What habitat can the species be found?
       Marine(salt water), fresh water, terrestrial
How do they digest food?
     "Complete" digestive system and "Incomplete" digestive system
Have you seen an example of phyla?
     I have seen many, Arthropods, Mollusks, and Chordates in salt and fresh water phyla habitats. Such as when i fish at a lake or go to the beach

marine scince words of wisdom

"Dont wander away unseen for ten years...come back and visit often"

Sea turtle hatchlings have to make their way from their nest on shore to the open ocean, alone. From the

time they take their first swim until they return to the coastal ocean to forage as juveniles can take up to a decade and is called “the lost years” because they are so hard to track.

energy flows through the ecosystem

QUESTIONS
1. (a) Examples of primary produceres. (b) How do they get their energy?
2. (a) The second trophic level is made up of what creatures. (b) How do they get their energy?
3. Why do predators make up the third trophic level?

ANSWERS
1. (a) plants, algae, and some bacteria. (b) use solar energy to produce organic plant material through photosythesis.

2. (a) Herbivores (plant eaters). (b) get energy through photosynthesis.

3. because they eat second trophyic level animals and other small predators.

animal habitat structure

How does eelgrass density influence abundance of species in a ecosystem?

-Provide habitats for invertebrates, food, and cover for the many species that live there
-Its rhizomes help to trap sediment and anchor shifting sands, and its leaves dampen wave action. This helps to prevent beach erosion

http://www.oregon.gov/DSL/SSNERR/tides/tidesA13_eelgrassfacts.pdf
http://www.crd.bc.ca/watersheds/protection/wildlife-plants/eelgrass.htm

Animal Habitats of San Diego Bay

San Diego Bay is home to a list of Natural resources like salt marsh and tidal flats, birds nesting, and foraging sites

An invasive species is those who evolved elsewhere and whose introduction has or is likely to cause harm to the environment or human health.

An endangered species is a species who is at the risk of extinction. An endangered species in the SD Bay is the Pacific Green Sea Turtles. The San Diego bay offers a protected foraging habitat for the sea turtles and offers a prime study area for researchers

http://www.portofsandiego.org/environment/natural-resources.html

Intro to San Diego Bay

The San Diego bay is located in San Diego county. It is 19km long and 1.6 to 4.8 km wide. It is the 3rd largest of 3 natural bays

Activities on the bay are military activities and training

The shallow end of the bay is used for evaporation to extract salt from sea water.

The San diego National Wildlife refuge complex is located in Chula Vista

The purpose of the SD National Wildlife is to preserve and protect the rare birds of southern california coastal marshes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Bay

http://www.fws.gov/sandiegorefuges/

ocean water and climate change

Ocean water is more dense than fresh water. It has a density of 1.025 while fresh water is 1.0

Global warming at the poles and equator will lead to hasher weather increase in sea level increase in sea level and even mass extinctions.

Surface water

San Francisco and Norfolk, Virginia are on the same latitude but because San Francisco has air coming in from the ocean the temperatures in summer and winter are different.

Different ways temperatures are moderated on earth are
-Liquid water at the surface
-Distance from ocean
-Water Vapor
-Higher humidities = Moderate Temperatures

Thermal characteristics of water

• Heat and temperature aren't different; Heat is the energy and temperature is a measure of it.
• Heat capacity of water is high, it has to absorb 4,184 joules to increase 1 degree Celsius
• Heat capacity of water is unique because is is very high and takes a while to go up
• Water temperatures affect its density because colder water is more dense and in the ocean colder water has more salinity which also makes it more dense

Chemistry of water

QUESTIONS
1. Describe how water molecules are bonded.
2. Describe how the positive and negative changes at water are distributed.
3. Describe the chemistry of water that allows an insect to walk on water.
4. What is unique about water and its density.

ANSWERS
1. each hydrogen nucleus is bout to the central oxygen atom by a pair of electrons that shared between then, called covalent chemical bonds.
2. negative charge is concentrated at the oxygen end of the molecule to oxygens high nuclear charge w/ exerts strong attactions on the electrons.
3. the water strider goes across the water due to the surface tension of the water. It helps it to glide/walk across the water quickly.
4.When water is a solid its less dense. Also the strong hydrogen - bonding forces in the water make it unique.

marine sediments

Products that come from sediments are building materials for roads and structures, toothpaste, paints and swimming pool filters.

1/3 of the worlds oil and gas comes from sediments

Sand and gravel are valued at 510 million. Thats 1% of world needs

Sediments are classified as Clastic, biochemical, or chemical

The four types of marine sediments are lithogenous, biogenous, cosmogenous, and hydrogeneous.
They are ordered by origin of particles, grain size, and when they are deposited.

Sediments are the thickest closest to eroding land

island arcs and ocean trenches goanimate

Deep Ocean Basins:Trenches and Islands by Reyes Hermosillo on GoAnimate

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island arcs and ocean trenches goanimate

Deep Ocean Basins:Trenches and Islands by Reyes Hermosillo on GoAnimate

Animated Presentations - Powered by GoAnimate.

abyssal plains

• Abyssal plains are underwater plain on the deep ocean floor
• They are usually found at depths between 3000m and 6000m; lying generally between the foor of a continental rise and mid-ocean ridge
• They are vast flat, sediment covered areas of ocean floor
•They cover more than 50% of earths surface

careers in studying oceans

1) Deep-Sea Biologist- investigator and studies deep sea corals. Any education level accepted for the job.

2) Geophysicist- someone who studies the Earth using gravity, magnetic, and seismic methods.

3) Microbiologist - investigates growth of bacteria, algae, and fungi.

4) Deep-Sea Ecologist - study hydrothermal vents and cold seeps deeps in the sea

I would like to be a deep sea ecologist because there are many things undiscovered down there and i would like to discover new things

adaptation of sea caves

-Typical adaptations for these sea cave creatures are:

• Their eyes are small or they have none
• They have sensors that don't depend on light for finding food and predators
• They have no skin color

-Oxygen is not plentiful in caves because there is no photosynthesis and very limited water circulation. The way they deal with the of oxygen is:

• They move slowly
• They have sensory body parts that don't require light
• They have low metabolic rates

-These adaptations occurring are completely random, so whether it provides an advantage to these creatures or not is by chance also

hypothermal vents

1. What exactly was described as "the biggest biological discovery on Earth?"
2. Where in the oceans was the discovery made?
3. What was “interesting” about Tube Worms?
4. How are species able to survive without sunlight? (What’s the process, if it’s not photosynthesis)
5. Where on Earth are hydrothermal vents located?
6. Describe the theory of how life on Earth may have began at hydrothermal vents?

Answers:

1. The HydroThermal Vents
2. Pacific oceans
3. Chemosynthesis
4. They bled human like blood
5. All over earth
6. Chemosynthesis- the process by which certain microbes create energy by mediating chemical reactions.

marine science noaa questions

-The N.O.A.A are the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. They are focused on conditions and behavior of the oceans and atmosphere.

 -The intensity of a sonar tells scientists that the longer it takes for an echo to return, the farther away the reflective surface, whether its the wall of a canyon or the sea floor.

 -The R.O.V. stands for Remote Operated Vehicle; it assists scientists because it helps them see underwater up to 10,000 feet deep.

 -These studies are important to society because we use the oceans for food, energy, and materials. Oceans also play a major role in controlling climate. Life began in oceans so we must know about them.

bathymetry

bathymetry by Jblack17 on GoAnimate

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1. Bathymetry: what is it (define the word)? What’s the difference between a bathymetric map and a topographic map? Bathymetric map shows the equal depth and Topographic shows the equal height
2. 1. how did Oceanographers map the ocean floor in the past, and what were the results?past they tied a rope to a rock and threw in the ocean and measure the rope when it hit the bottom.
3. How do oceanographers map the oceans now, and how accurate and effective is this method?Now we use echo sound machines which is limited accurate cause ship movement
4. Why are multibeam echo sounders so effective?They are effective because they correct movements of the boats. An example that made this possible was The Hawaii-Emperor Seamount chain.
5. What’s an example of an underwater discovery that was made possible by multibeam echo sounders?same as 4
6. Why do oceanographers map the oceans below the surface? Why is this important to society? Oceanographers map it so that we can protect marine environments and it is important to society for support safe navigation.